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An
online resource for students, scholars and policy-makers
interested in South China Sea regional development, environment,
and security issues.
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B C D E
F G H I
J K L M
N O P Q
R S T U
V...Z
A
Code of Conduct for The South China Sea? Jane's Information Group,
October 2000.
- The South China Sea is still a highly disputed area, with rival
claims to the Spratly Islands and potential hydrocarbon resources
in the region. Clive Schofield examines the claims of surrounding
countries and the potential for a Code of Conduct for the South
China Sea.
Acharya,
Amitav. Seeking Security in the Dragon’s Shadow: China and Southeast
Asia in the Emerging Asian Order. Institute of Defense and Strategic
Studies, Singapore, March 2003.
- Reviews ASEAN responses to China’s increased economic power and status as a regional security threat. ASEAN countries must unify if they wish to shape their relationship with China in a manner that best captures the security and economic benefits of Chinese cooperation. Keywords: rivalry, interdependence, competition
Akiyama, Masahiro. Defending sea lanes vital to nation's interests.
- The Asahi Shimbun. September 1,2004. - It would be
too late to act after incidents occur. Many countries are growing
increasingly wary of maritime security. Japan is also urged to
promptly deal with it...
Akimoto, Kazimine. The Current of Maritime Security- Structural Weaknesses and Threats in the Sea Lanes. From the conference "Maritime Security in Southeast Asia and Southwest Asia", Institute for International Policy Studies, Tokyo, 11-13 December 2001.
- Assesses threats to major chokepoints in Asian maritime world and proposes responses to those threats. Keywords: Japan, trade, shipping.
Amarsective
2004 -- the Asia Maritime Security Initiative.
-"IN A move that is seen as a further crack down on maritime
security threats in the region, Asian coastguard agencies have
unanimously adopted the Asia Maritime Security Initiative 2004
(Amarsective 2004)."
Asian maritime & trade chronology to 1700 CE. Maritime Asia, 2004.
- List of historical accounts and archaeological excavations of maritime expeditions in Asia. Keywords: goods, ships, envoys
The
Asia-Pacific: A Region in Transition. Asia-Pacific
Center for Security Studies, Honolulu, Hawaii, 2004.
- The moral from this is that although change itself might be
a given, its pace and direction are not and any lessons to be
learnt from change are elusive and require an examination of assumptions
as much as of trends.
Asia
Society/Asian Updates. Most recent article: "Growing Pains:
ASEAN's Economic and Political Challenges", Cal Clark, March
2000.
- This discussion of Taiwan’s presidential election begins with
an overview of the major parties and candidates involved. It then
provides a background discussion of the two major issues that
have emerged during the campaign: 1) the interlinked questions
concerning national identity on Taiwan and cross-Strait relations
with the PRC; and 2) patronage-style politics in Taiwan with its
possible linkage to corruption or what has come to be called "black-and-gold
politics." The third section describes how the major candidates
have treated these two issues and how this has seemingly affected
their levels of support. Finally, the conclusion reviews the implications
of the elections for the evolving nature of democracy in Taiwan
and for relations with the PRC.
TOP
Banlaoi,
Rommel C. Maritime Terrorism in Southeast Asia: The Abu Sayyaf
Threat. Naval War College Review; Vol.58, No.4, 2005.
- Explores the dangers posed by the possibility of terrorist groups
using pirate methods to carry out attacks.
Barnes,
Paul, and Richard Oloruntoba. Assurance of security in maritime
supply chains: Conceptual issues of vulnerability and crisis management.
Journal of International Management; 11, 2005 pg. 519-540.
- The inherent complexities of maritime supply chains
can produce significant vulnerabilities. This paper analyses those
vulnerabilities and concludes by emphasizing the need to "examine
the goodness-of-fit of security initiative against business efficiency
and competitiveness."
Barrios,
Erik. Casting a Wider Net: Addressing the Maritime Piracy Problem
in Southeast Asia. Boston College International & Comparative
Law Review,Winter 2005.
- Discussion of the current policies (and some issues that have arisen due to these policies) for defining and punishing pirate attacks in Southeast Asia.
Bateman,
Sam. Coast Guards: New Forces for Regional Order and Security.
Asia-Pacific Issues, East-West Center, January 2003.
- Maritime regimes need to be developed to bring order to the oceans
and seas of the region. Maritime cooperation is a major component
of the regime building process and is essential for the effective
management of regional seas, especially marine environmental protection,
marine safety, resource management, and preventing illegal activity
at sea.
Bateman,
Sam. The Rise of Rudd and the Fall of Howard: Policy Implications
for Southeast Asia. RSIS Commentaries; Dec. 3, 2007.
- Article on how changes in the Australian government will affect
maritime relations with Southeast Asia.
Beckman,
Robert C. Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships in
Southeast Asia: The Way Forward. Ocean Development and International
Law, 2002.
- Analyzes recently reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery
against ships in Southeast Asia and recommends steps to be taken
by international community and states in the region. Keywords:
Malacca Strait, sea, robbery.
Beckman,
Robert C. PSSAs and Transit Passage - Australia's Pilotage System
in the Torres Strait Challenges the IMO and UNCLOS. Ocean Development
and International Law; vol. 38, 2007, pg.325-357.
- Analyzes Australia's decision to extend pilotage laws to
the Torres Strait and the questions of international maritime
law that were raised by this decision.
Beeby,
Rosslyn. Turf War Hurting Fisheries: Report. The Canberra Times; Tuesday, Jan 29, 2008.
"Corruption 'is compounding the devastating effects of over-fishing',
robbing Pacific Island economies of millions of dollars and economic
development opportunities." Turf wars between China and Taiwan
are blamed for the growing corruption in the fishing industries
of Southeast Asia.
Benton,
Lauren. Legal Spaces of Empire: Piracy and the Origins of Ocean
Regionalism.
-
Examines the link between globalizing legal practices in the late
17th and early 18th centuries and sharpening distinctions between
the Atlantic and Indian oceans.
Bin
Hussin, Abd Rahim. The Management of Straits of Malacca: Burden
Sharing as the Basis for Co-operation. LIMA International Maritime
Confrence 2005.
-
Presentation on the need for cooperation to ensure security for
ships traveling the Malacca Straits.
A
Biophysical Assessment of the Philippine Territory of the Sulu-Sulawesi
Marine Ecoregion. Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion Program, May
2003.
- Extensive information on biological diversity in the region;
identifies threats, current conservation initiatives and gaps
in conservation efforts; targets priority areas for conservation
projects within Philippine territory of the ecoregion. Keywords:
environment, World Wildlife Fund.
Bradford,
John F. Japanese Anti-Piracy Initiatives in Southeast Asia: Policy
Formulation and the Coastal State Responses. Contemporary Southeast
Asia; Vol.26, No.3, Dec. 2004.
- Despite a traditional reluctance to
take an aggressive stance in Asian affairs, Japan has accepted
leading role in the efforts to eradicate maritime piracy. Some
countries have offered their cooperation in the effort while others
see the costs outweighing the benefits.
Bradford,
John. The Growing Prospects For Maritime Security Cooperation
In Southeast Asia. Naval War College Review, Summer 2005, Vol.
58, No. 3 .
- “Discusses the threats to maritime security in Southeast Asia,
describes the factors tending toward strengthened maritime security
cooperation, and argues that networks of bilateral relationships
may be more fruitful than purely multilateral arrangements.” Keywords:
ASEAN, military, threats, crime.
Brown,
Roxanna M. and Sten Sjostrand. Malaysia at The Crossroads.
Maritime Asia, 2001.
- The Malay peninsula separates two primary networks of sailing
routes. To the west lies the Indian Ocean, with routes extending
from the western coast of the Malay peninsula to the shores of
Africa, and to the east lies the South China Sea, with a network
of routes connecting East and Southeast Asia.
Bruyneel,
Mark. Modern Day Piracy Statistics, Nov 28, 2001.
- A brief analysis of the number of reported piracy attacks from 1980 to 2000.
Bulkeley,
Jennifer C. Regional Cooperation on Maritime Piracy: A Prelude
to Greater Multilateralism in Asia? Journal of Public and International
Affairs; Vol.14, Spring 2003.
- Examines maritime piracy as a possible uniting issue for
future multilateral action in Asia by looking at potential challenges
and providing policy recommendations for the future.
Burgess,
J. Peter. The Politics of the South China Sea: Territoriality
and International Law. Security Dialogue vol. 34, no. 1, March
2003, 7-10.
- Brief overview of major resources of the South China Sea and
recent territorial disputes between SCS states. Keywords: shipping,
ASEAN, conflicts
Buszynski,
Leszek, and Iskandar Sazlan. Maritime Claims and Energy Cooperation
in the South China Sea. Contemporary Southeast Asia; Vol. 29,
No.1, 2007, pg.143-171.
- Focuses on the issues caused by conflicting
maritime claims in the South China Sea and the distribution of
resources in the region. Keywords: maritime claims, energy cooperation,
oil, hydrocarbons.
TOP
Chambers,
Michael. Review of China and the South Sea Dialogues by
Lee Lai To. H-Asia, January, 2000.
- "This very useful book for those interested in China's
policies toward the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
countries. Focusing on China's discussions with these countries
regarding the South China Sea disputes generally, and the dispute
over the Spratly Islands in particular, Lee analyzes China's policy
on these disputes as well as how these disputes fit into China's
overall relations with the ASEAN countries."
Cherson,
Adam. An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century. Journal of International
Affairs; Fall 2005; 59, 1; ABI/INFORM Global pg. 305.
- A reveiew of An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century by the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy (Washington, DC: 2004).
Chua
Thia-Eng, and Stella Regina Bernad, Eds. Coastal and Ocean
Governance of the Seas of East Asia: Towards an Era of New Regional
Cooperation and Partnerships, July 2003.
..The formation of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN) more than 35 years ago is a testimony of the recognition
of the mutual reliance among the countries..."
Chia Lin Sien, Marine Carriage of Petroleum with Special Reference to Northeast Asia, University of California, Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, February 1998.
- Background information on patterns of oil trade and shipping in Northeast Asia and discusses the prospects for increased economic cooperation in the region. Keywords: Russia, refineries, Malacca Straits.
Cossa, Ralph. Security Implications of Conflict in the South China
Sea: Exploring Potential Triggers of Conflict. PacNet Newsletter
#16. April 17, 1998.
- Potential triggers include exploration or exploitation activity,
creeping occupation, armed displacement, armed enforcement, accidents
or miscalculations, and other acts of provocation. Conflict scenarios
are examined and recommendations are given to reduce the prospect
of conflict. Possible confidence building measures are identified.
Comparative
Connections
- An e-journal on bilateral East-Asian relations
from the Pacific Forum CSIS.
Cossa, Ralph, and Eun Jung Cahill Che, Eds. Long-term Visions
of Regional Security: A U.S.-China Strategic Dialogue.
Pacific Forum, CSIS, PacNet 21, May 26, 2000.
- Comprehensive discussion of Chinese-U.S relations in the post-Cold
War era, including contentious aspects of "Managing Differing
Views on Taiwan."
Cotton,
James. ASEAN and the Southeast Asian 'Haze': Challenging the Prevailing
Modes of Regional Engagement.
- Canberra: Australian National University, RSPAS, Department
of International Relations Working Paper No.1999/3 (1999)
TOP
Dali,
Alex. Piracy Attacks in the Malacca Strait.
- Outlines a number of examples of recent piracy attacks in the Malacca Strait by both independent groups and organized crime rings.
Datin,
Tunku. How has the United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea fared? Presentation at the 12th Commonwealth Law Conference,
Kuala Lumpur, September 1999.
- Discusses laws governing the sea prior to the UNCLOS, the provisions
of the UNCLOS, and the various international issues that have
arisen since the UNCLOS regarding enforcement of its provisions.
Keywords: Exclusive Economic Zone, law of the sea, legal framework
Dennis,
Rona, with Grahame Applegate, Anne Casson, Tom Tomich and Fred
Stolle. "The recent outbreak of fires in Indonesia, 28 March 2000."
Center for International Forestry Research. News Highlights.
- Research results from CIFOR & ICRAF on fire hotspots which peaked
in mid-March in the provinces of Riau and West Kalimantan. Ground
evidence and satellite imagery confirm media reports of the major
cause: large-scale land clearing fires deliberately set by plantation
companies. Recent monitoring and prevention efforts are discussed
and evaluated.
Desker,
Barry. Protecting the Malacca Straits. Institute of Defense and
Strategic Studies, October 2005.
- Addresses threats to shipping in the Malacca Straits from pirates
and terrorists and recommends cooperation among concerned parties
to provide improved security. Keywords: terrorism, al Qaeda, hijacking
Dillon,
Dana. Maritime Piracy: Defining the Problem. SAIS Review; Vol.25, No.1, Winter-Spring 2005.
-
The current definition of piracy is outdated and doesn't sufficiently
describe the problem. This article explores the bounds of the
current definition as well as suggesting possible alternatives.
Dire
Straits: Piracy and Maritime Terror in Southeast Asia. Military Technology; Mar 2005; 29, 3, pg.44.
-
Assesses the severity of the the pirate threat in the South China
Sea and examines some of the methods being used to control that
threat.
Djalal,
Hasjim. Draft guidelines for military and intelligence gathering
activities in the EEZ and their means and manner of implementation
and enforcement. Marine Policy Volume 29, Issue 2 , March 2005,
Pages 175-183.
- Discusses issues involved in intelligence-gathering activities
in Exclusive Economic Zones and provides suggestions for the settling
of disputes between concerned states.
Djalal, Hasjim. South China Sea Island Disputes. The Raffles
Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 8 (The Biodiversity of the
South China Sea): pp. 9-21. 2000.
- Discusses some of the situations, implications, and future of
bilateral, trilateral or, even multilateral island disputes in
the South China Sea.
Djalal,
Hasjim and Townsend-Gualt, Ian. Preventive Diplomacy: Managing
Potential Conflicts in the South China Sea. (Chapter published
in Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World, Crocker,
Hampson, and Aall editors, United States Institute of Peace Press.
1999).
- Comprehensive analysis of “workshop process” utilized by ASEAN
diplomats. Keywords: working groups, dispute resolution, confidence
building.
Down
to Earth News. (Indonesian) Coastal Resources in Crisis.
Down to Earth No. 45, May 2000.
- "Coastal communities are being impoverished by large-scale
illegal fishing operations; the country's coral reefs are badly
damaged and its mangroves are rapidly disappearing. Indonesia's
coastal resources are facing a grave crisis."
Duda,
Alfred M. Contributing to Ocean Security: Global Environment Facility
Support for Integrated Management of Land-Sea Interactions. Journal
of International Affairs, 2005.
-
Examines the connection between environmental policies in regards
to coastal areas and poverty reduction goals.
Dying
to Leave - the business of Human Trafficking Handbook. Educational
Broadcasting Corporation, Inc, 2004.
- Human trafficking ventures range from small-time, mom-and-pop
operations to tightly run, well-organized structures that operate
on a competitive international basis.
TOP
Economy,
Elizabeth. China's Rise in Southeast Asia: Implications for the
United States. Journal of Contemporary China, 2004.
- “During the past few decades, China’s economic success has permitted
it to pursue a greater role on the international stage.” Keywords:
Chinese regional diplomacy, leadership role, human rights
Eklöf,
Stefan. Piracy: a critical perspective ,IIAS Newsletter
36.
-"Maritime piracy, especially in Southeast Asia, has recently
attracted a great deal of attention in international media and
among analysts. Contrary to popular impression, however, piracy
is not a great or growing menace to international shipping, and
as far as academic research goes, there are a range of more pressing
issues that demand the attention of social scientists."
Energy
and Environment Data -- East Asia and Southeast Asia, US Energy
Information Administration, August 1999
- Tracks growth in GDP, oil consumption, and carbon emissions in Southeast Asian countries prior to the 1997 financial crisis.,
US Energy Information Administration, August 1999
Energy
Highlights for Selected Asian Countries, US Energy Information
Administration, August 1999.
- Petroleum, natural gas, and coal consumption and resources in
Southeast Asian countries.
Evers,
Hans-Dieter, and Solvay Gerke. The Strategic Importance of the
Straits of Malacca for World Trade and Regional Development. ZEF
Working Paper Series.
"The Straits' cultural and bio-diversity bear great opportunities
for the economic and social development of the littoral states
of Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand. Peace and stability
in the region are a precondition for regional development, uninterrupted
energy supplies and international trade between the European Union
and East Asia."
Former
Legal Advisers' Letter on Accession to the Law of the Sea Convention.
The American Journal of International Law; Vol.98, No.2, Apr. 2004 pg.302-307.
-
Letter signed by former legal advisors to the US Department of
State endorsing the US accession to the 1982 United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea.
Fredrickson,
Acharn Terry. A recurring dream, The Post Publishing
Public Co., Ltd, 12 January 2000.
-The opening the sky train last month was somewhat of a milestone
for Thailand. It marked one of the few examples in recent history
of the actual completion of a mega-project. Others, like the new
airport and the moribund Hopewell elevated railway project, are
still only distant dreams
Fullbrook, David China to Europe via a new Burma road,
Fullbrook, David, Asia Times Online Ltd., 2004.
- David Fullbrook discusses the possible future oil trading routes between China and Europe, which do not pass through the Strait of Malacca.
Ghosh, P. K. Maritime Security Challenges in South Asia and the Indian Ocean: Response Strategies. Center for Strategic and International Studies, Honolulu, Hawaii, January 2004.
- “Highlights maritime security challenges that weigh heavily in the region geographically bounded by the Indian Ocean, and with special reference to the South Asian littorals. Viable responses and strategies to address these challenges are also posited for consideration.” Keywords: piracy, terrorism, gunrunning, mining
Gjetnes, Marius. Maritime Zones Generated by the Spratlys: Legal Analysis and Geographical Overview. University of Oslo.
- Considers the legal issues involved with sovereignty claims over the Spratly Islands. Keywords: Law of the Sea, Exclusive Economic Zone, convention.
Godwin,
Paul H. B. China As Regional Hegemon? Honolulu: Asia-Pacific Center
for Security Studies, 2004.
- Assesses China’s prospects for achieving regional hegemony,
its perceptions of the U.S. and the implications of those perceptions
on Chinese and US policy. Keywords: Sino-American relations..
"Going
for the Jugular". The Economist, 10 June 2004.
-The Strait of Malacca, through which a quarter of the world's
maritime trade passes, makes a tempting target for terrorists
and pirates.
Green,
Alison and Peter J. Mous. Delineating the Coral Triangle, its
ecoregions and functional seascapes, Southeast Asia
Center for Marine Protected Areas workshop, Bali, Indonesia, 30
April - 2 May 2003.
-This document is based on the results of an experts workshop
organized by The Nature Conservancy’s South East Asia Center
for Marine Protected Areas, Bali, Indonesia (April 30 - May 2,
2003). During this workshop, 20 scientists and GIS experts outlined
the Coral Triangle, the area in Southeast Asia that comprises
the highest reef biodiversity on Earth. Furthermore, sub-units
(ecoregions and functional seascapes) were identified. This process
is the first step in marine Ecoregional Conservation Assessment,
The Nature Conservancy’s approach to priority setting.
Grundy-Warr,
Carl. Grey-Area Phenomena in Southeast Asia: Piracy, Drug Trafficking
and Political Terrorism.Contemporary Southeast Asia; Vol.20, No.1, April 1998.
- Review of Peter Chalk's assessment of the "GAP" (grey-area
phenomenon) of maritime piracy, drug trafficking and production,
and political terrorism in Southeast Asia.
Gupta,
Vipin and Bernstein, Adam. Keeping an Eye on the Islands: Remote
Monitoring in the South China Sea. Sandia National Laboratory.
May 1999.
- "This paper explores the technical feasibility and utility
of aerial and commercial satellite imaging for cooperative monitoring
of islands, islets, and reefs in the South China Sea - a region
that has been a source of conflict amongst the coastal states."
TOP
Hayashi,
Moritaka. Military and intelligence gathering activities in the
EEZ: definition of key terms. Marine Policy Volume 29, Issue 2,
March 2005, Pages 123-137.
- “This chapter reviews the origin and use and interpretation
of such terms as “peaceful uses,” “peaceful purpose,” “freedom
of navigation and overflight,” “residual rights,” “other internationally
lawful uses of the sea,” “installations and structures,” “due
regard,” “normal mode,” hostile intent, and abuse of rights with
a view to clarifying their agreed meaning and identifying any
areas of disagreement.”
Herrmann,
Wilfried A. Maritime Piracy and Anti-Piracy Measures: Part 1:
Piracy - Increasing Challenge with New Dimensions. Naval Forces; Vol.25, No.2,
2004 pg.18.
-
Addresses the increase in pirate attacks (especially in Southeast
and South Asia) and the possibility that this rise could lead
to maritime terrorist attacks. The article also observes the difficulty
of defining piracy and some methods used to reduce the risk of
pirate attacks.
Historical
Evidence To Support China's Sovereignty over Nansha Islands.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China,
2000.
-China was the first to discover, name, develop，conduct
economic activities on and exercise jurisdiction of the Nansha
Islands.
Ho,
Joshua. The Security of Sea Lanes in Southeast Asia. Military
Technology; Vol.29, No.5, May 2005, pg.14.
- Predicts a shift in economic power from the US to Asia that
will increase the need for safe shipping lanes. The number and
severity of piracy attacks has increased, as economic power shifts
to Asia this trend will likely continue unless the Southeast Asian
countries take action against piracy.
Huang,
Hua-Lun. Book Review: Piracy in Southeast Asia: Status, Issues,
and Responses. Asian Criminology; 2007, pg.
79-80.
-
Few books have been written on the issues of Piracy in the South
China Sea region, the publication examines the issues of pirate
typologies while looking at international cooperation strategies
used amongst South Asian countries to combat piracy.
Husain,
Adil. China, Taiwan, and the South China Sea - An Annotated Bibliography.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China,
2000.
-Many countries, world public opinions and publications of other
countries recognize the Nansha Islands as Chinese territory.
TOP
ICC
International Maritime Bureau: Piracy and Armed Robbery Against
Ships.
- Annual report (Jan 1 - Dec 31 2007), an analysis of world
wide reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery against ships.
For more information and weekly reports, visit the IMB
website.
International
Boundaries News Database
- University of Durham's International Boundaries Research Unit
(IBRU) provides a searchable "Boundary news database"
with 10,000+ boundary-related reports from a wide range of news
sources around the world dating from 1991 to approximately six
months before the current date.
International
Recognition Of China's Sovereignty over the Nansha Islands. South
China Sea WWW VL. June 2000.
- Lists the various governments, conferences, and publications since 1912 that have recognized Chinese sovereignty over the Spratly Islands. Keywords: encyclopedia, territory.
TOP
Ji
Guoxing, Maritime Jurisdiction in the Three China Seas: Options
For Equitable Settlement, Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation,
1995.
- Excellent analysis of the main territorial and jurisdictional
disputes in the South China Sea, East China Sea, and Yellow Sea.
Outlines three options for reaching a settlement. Keywords: UN
Law of the Sea Convention, continental shelf
Ji
Guoxing, Rough Waters in the South China Sea: Navigation Issues
and Confidence-Building Measures. AsiaPacific, August 2001.
- Discusses confidence-building efforts on practical navigation
issues and managing “incidents at sea.”—Recommends first bilateral
and then multilateral agreements. Keywords: cooperation, EEZ,
fishing.
Ji
Guoxing, SLOC Security in the Asia Pacific. AsiaPacific,
February 2000.
-"The economic development of Asian Pacific countries in
the passing two to three decades has been closely related to seaborne
trade, and the importance of sea lines of communication (SLOC)
to regional countries would be much increased in the twenty-first
century. SLOC security is now one of the priorities in regional
countries' strategic thinking and policy making."
Jin-Hyun
Paik and Anthony Bergin. Maritime Security in the Asia-Pacific.
Asia's Emerging Regional Order: Reconciling Traditional and Human
Security. United Nations University Press; 2000, 177 - 191.
- Covers the major current issues of dispute in the South China
Sea, evaluating the role of the UNCLOS in resolving or exacerbating
those issues and suggests new ways in which the Convention can
be applied and improved. Keywords: sea lanes of communication,
resource conflicts, maritime boundaries.
Jinming,
Li and Li Dexia. The Dotted Line on the Chinese Map of the South
China Sea: A Note. Ocean Development & International Law; 2003,
34:287–295.
- Provides details of the history of the dotted line marking Chinese
claims in the South China Sea since 1947 and presents the current
opinions of scholars and others on the issue. Keywords: cartography,
Chinese territory.
Joyner,
Christopher C. The Spratly Islands Dispute in the South China
Sea: Problems, Policies, and Prospects for Diplomatic Accommodation.
- Focusing on the Spratly Islands dispute since 1982, this article “assesses geopolitical and legal nuances of disputes in the South China Sea, with a view to proposing confidence-building measures (CBMs) that might contribute to the resolution or setting aside of competing claims in the region.” Keywords: Mischief Reef, oil and natural gas, military conflicts.
TOP
Keyuan,
Zou. Law of the Sea Issues Between the United States and East
Asian States. Ocean Development & International Law; Vol.39, No.1, Jan 2008, pg.69-93.
- "Although having not yet acceded to the U.N. Convention on the
Law of the Sea, the United States has contributed to the development
of the international law of the sea in numerous ways, including
responding to the so-called excessive maritime claims in East
Asia and creating new rules of maritime enforcement." Keyworks:
China, East Asia, law of the sea, United States.
Keuan,
Zou. Maritime Boundary Delimitation in the Gulf of Tonkin. Ocean
Development & International Law, 1999.
- Explores and assesses the legal issues relating to the boundary
delimitation of the Gulf of Tonkin within the context of the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Keywords: Bach Long
Vi Island, China.
Keuan,
Zou. The Sino-Vietnamese Agreement on Maritime Boundary Delimitation
in the Gulf of Tonkin. Ocean Development & International Law;
2005, 36:13–24.
- “This article addresses the recently ratified Sino-Vietnamese
Boundary Delimitation Agreement in the Gulf of Tonkin and its
implications for bilateral cooperation and development of friendly
and neighboring relations between China and Vietnam.” Keywords:
China, fishery management, Vietnam.
Keyuan,
Zou. Seeking Effectiveness for the Crackdown of Piracy at Sea.
Journal of International Affairs; Vol.59, No.1, Fall 2005, pg.117.
Overview of the importance of shipping lanes in the South China
Sea to international trade and the various threats of piracy.
Kim,
Duk-ki. A Korean perspective. Marine Policy Volume
29, Issue 2 , March 2005, Pages 157-161.
From South Korea's perspective, the EEZ is a sui generic zone
in which military and intelligence activities are limited or not
allowed without the consent of the coastal State. This is equally
applicable in peace and war. Although several States stress that
Article 58 of the 1982 UNCLOS permits such activities, increasing
EW and IW capabilities may result in reinterpretation of certain
provisions of the 1982 UNCLOS
Kirk,
Donald. Pirates of the Straits.
The possibilities for terrorism at sea are all too evident from
the relative ease with which veteran pirates periodically board
and pillage ships as they traverse the 550-mile-long Straits of
Malacca before threading the eye of the needle between the crowded
Singapore harbor, dominated by huge gantry cranes and oil refineries,
and Indonesian islands.
Koknar,
Ali M. Terror on the High Seas. Security Management; Vol.48, Iss. 6, Jun 2004, pg.75.
- Article outlines the rise of piracy as a type of organized crime
and the extensive costs it imposes on the shipping industry.
Krasnow,
Jay. Spratly Islands Dispute. Inventory of Conflict and
Environment (ICE) Case Studies. May 1997.
- "Approximately 44 of the 51 small islands and reefs are
claimed or occupied by China, the Philippines, Vietnam, Taiwan,
Malaysia and Brunei. The conflict is the result of overlapping
sovereignty claims to various Spratly Islands thought to possess
substantial natural resources -- chiefly oil, natural gas, and
seafood."
Kuan-Hsiung Wang. Bridge over troubled waters: Fisheries cooperation as a resolution to the South China Sea conflicts. The Pacific Review, Vol. 14 No. 4 2001: 531–551.
Kuan-Hsiung Wang. Bridge over troubled waters: Fisheries cooperation as a resolution to the South China Sea conflicts. The Pacific Review, Vol. 14 No. 4 2001: 531–551.
TOP
Laczko,
Frank and June J.H. Lee. Developing Better Indicators
of Human Trafficking for Asia. September 2003.
- "The phenomenon of human trafficking is today one
of the major concerns of governments and organizations active
in the field of migration..."
Lasater,
Martin. Conflict in the Taiwan Strait: The American Response.
February 2000.
- Under most conditions, the United States will intervene
militarily to prevent the PRC from defeating Taiwan. Tables are
provided to show possible scenarios and actions taken by Taiwan,
and the PRC and American response to each scenario.
Law
of the Sea.
Briefing
book on the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea.
Leifer,
Michael. Stalemate in the South China Sea. Asia Research Center,
London School of Economics and Political Science. 1999.
- How the Spratly Islands came to be an issue of dispute. Suggests
that, given limited current power projection capabilities, the
dispute is in a state of stalemate. Keywords: ASEAN, Mischief
Reef, Paracel Islands.
Leiter, Daniel and Stella Nordhagen. ASEAN Trade Patterns in the South China Sea Governing the South China Sea. Winter Term 2006, Middlebury College.
- “This website seeks to provide an overview of trade in the South China Sea Region, focusing particularly on the countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).” Keywords: AFTA, Financial Crisis.
Luft,
Gal and Anne Korin. Terrorism Goes To Sea. Foreign Affairs, November/December
2004.
- “The number of pirate attacks worldwide has tripled in the past
decade, and new evidence suggests that piracy is becoming a key
tactic of terrorist groups. In light of al Qaeda's professed aim
of targeting weak links in the global economy, this new nexus
is a serious threat: most of the world's oil and gas is shipped
through pirate-infested waters.” Keywords: oil, security, pirates,
International Maritime Organization.
TOP
Maarif,
Syamsul, and Indroyono Soesilo. Opinion and Editorial: Safeguarding
Rich Marine Resources. The Jakarta Post,01/07/2008.
-
Report on a meeting of six governments to discuss new measures
to protect the resources of the Coral Triangle and support marine
diversity.
Macartney,
Jane. Asia Piracy Costs $25bln a Year, Says Expert. Planet Ark World Environment News, 11/12/2002.
- James
Warren of the School of Asian Studies at Murdoch University in
Australia reports on the increase in pirate attacks in the South
China Sea area. The article also notes an increase in the use
of technology by pirates to track and capture cargo ships in the
region.
Mak,
JN. Incidents at Sea: Shipjacking, Maritime Muggings, Thefts and
Illegal Migration in Southeast Asia.
- Analyzes trends of increasing piracy
and possible causes in the the South China Sea region.
MALACCA:
The Impact of Transportation on Wildlife in the Malacca Straits
[HTML version].
[Microsoft
Word version]
- American University,Trade and Environment Database Project:
“examines
the globalization impact of transportation through the Straits
of Malacca on undersea life…” Keywords: fishing, dugong, oil drilling.
Marine
Policy
- Marine Policy is the leading journal of ocean policy studies.
It offers researchers, analysts and policy makers a unique combination
of analyses in the principal social science disciplines relevant
to the formulation of marine policy. The journal covers: international,
regional and national marine policies; institutional arrangements
for the management and regulation of marine activities, including
fisheries and shipping; conflict resolution; marine pollution
and environment; conservation and use of marine resources.
Marine Protected Areas in South East Asia - Abstract and summary
List
- Source: Asean Regional Center for Biodiveristy Conservation,
2002.
(URL: www.arcbc.org/arcbcweb/publications/mpa.htm)
-Full text PDF - 142 pages - 2.35 mb: DOWNLOAD
HERE
Maritime
Shipping in Northeast Asia: Law of the Sea, Sea Lanes, and Security.
University of California Institute on Global Conflict and
Cooperation, Policy Paper 33, February 1998.
- Papers: Introduction by Michael Stankiewicz, Developments in
Asian Maritime Trade by Stephen J. Meyrick, Northeast Asia: Transitional
Navigational Issues and Possible Cooperative Responses by Mark
J. Valencia, Marine Carriage of Petroleum with Special Reference
to Northeast Asia by Chia Lin Sien, Sea Lines of Communication
(SLOC) Security and Access by Dr. Stanley B. Weeks, Security of
SLOCs in East Asia by Seo-Hang Lee.
Mastel,
Greg. Ties That Will Bind China, Taiwan. LA Times, May
28, 2000.
- While economic ties between China and Taiwan are increasing,
China continues to criticize any indications by Taiwanese leaders
that Taiwan may seek independent status.
Medalia,
Jonathan . Terrorist Nuclear Attacks on Seaports: Threat and Response,
CRS
Web, 2005.
-A terrorist nuclear attack on a US seaport could cause local
devastation and affect the global economy. Terrorists might obtain
a bomb in several ways, though each poses difficulties. Ability
to detect a bomb appears limited. The United States is using technology,
intelligence, international cooperation, etc., to try to thwart
an attack. Issues for Congress include safeguarding foreign nuclear
material, mitigating economic effects of an attack, and allocating
funds between ports and other potential targets. This report will
be updated as needed.
Medalia,
Jonathan . Port and Maritime Security: Potential for Terrorist
Nuclear Attack Using Oil Tankers, CRS
Web, 2005.
- While much attention has been focused on threats to maritime
security posed by cargo container ships, terrorists could also
attempt to use oil tankers to stage an attack. If they were able
to place an atomic bomb in a tanker and detonate it in a US port,
they would cause massive destruction and might halt crude oil
shipments worldwide for some time. Detecting a bomb in a tanker
would be difficult. Congress may consider various options to address
this threat. This report will be updated as needed.
Meyrick, Stephen J. IGCC Policy Paper 33: Developments in Asian Maritime Trade
- Overview of trends in trade and economic growth within Southeast Asia and their complementary relationship to trends in the region’s shipping industry from the 1970’s through 2000. Keywords: ASEAN, containers, dry bulk
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China. Basic
Stance and Policy of the Chinese Government in Solving the South
China Sea Issue. 2000.
- "The Chinese Government has always stood for negotiated
settlement of international disputes through peaceful means. In
this spirit, China has solved questions regarding territory and
border with some neighboring countries through bilateral consultations
in an equitable, reasonable and amicable manner. This position
also applies to the Nansha Islands."
Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China. Historical Evidence
to Support China's Sovereignty over Nansha Islands.
2000.
- "China was the first to discover, name, develop, conduct
economic activities on and exercise jurisdiction of the Nansha
Islands."
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China. International
Recognition of China's Sovereignty over the Nansha Islands.
2000.
- "Many countries, world public opinions and publications
of other countries recognize the Nansha Islands as Chinese territory."
Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China. The Issue of South
China Sea. June 2000.
- "China has indisputable sovereignty over the Nansha Islands
and their adjacent waters."
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China. Jurisprudential
Evidence to Support China's Sovereignty over the Nansha Islands.
2000.
- "China has indisputable sovereignty over the Nansha Islands
and it has ample jurisprudential evidence to support this."
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China. Nansha
Islands - Origins. 2000.
- "China has indisputable sovereignty over the Nansha Islands
and their adjacent waters."
Mingjiang,
Li. Pan-Tonkin Gulf Cooperation: De-securitising the South China
Sea? RSIS Commentaries; Jan. 10, 2008.
- Article on the potential of the Pan-Tonkin Gulf cooperation
proposal to de-securitise the South China Sea area and foster
multilateral cooperation in maritime transportation, environmental
protection, and joint resource exploitation.
Mo,
John. "Options to Combat Maritime Piracy in Southeast Asia". Ocean
Development And International Law, 2000.
- “It is argued that some form of government cooperation involving
most of the governments of the Southeast Asian region is the best
way to combat maritime piracy, although it is not an easy task
due to various political, economical, and historical reasons.”
Keywords: IMB, shipping industry.
Mott,
Patrick, "JOMSRE-3 Trip Report, South China Sea WWW VL, July
2006.
- Report on the Joint Philippine-Vietnamese Marine Scientific
Research Expedition through the Spratly Islands during April 11-23,
2006.
TOP
The
Nature Conservancy, Delineating the Coral Triangle, its ecoregions
and functional seascapes.
20 scientists and GIs experts outlined the Coral Triangle, the
area in Southeast Asia that comprises the highest reef biodiversity
on Earth. Furthermore, sub-units (ecoregions and functional seascapes)
were identified. This process is the first step in marine Ecoregional
Conservation Assessment, The Nature Conservancy’s approach to
priority setting.
New
Power Dynamics in Southeast Asia: Changing Security Cooperation
and Competition. The Stanley Foundation: Policy Dialogue Brief,
2007.
-
A brief summary of the findings of the conference as interpreted
by the project organizers. The summary touches on a number of
different security issues within the region of Southeast Asia.
'No
proof' that pirates have terror links. Singapore Press
Holdings, 24 June 2004.
- KUALA LUMPUR - US intelligence services have found no evidence
that pirates operating in the narrow Straits of Malacca have links
to terror networks in Southeast Asia, a senior US admiral said
yesterday.
Naess,
Tom. Epistemic Communities and Environmental Cooperation in the
South China Sea. University of Oslo.
This paper looks at the regional scientific community in the South
China Sea region, and to what extent an informal workshop initiated
by Indonesia, where regional experts are allowed to participate
and exchange views, have contributed to a new political regime1/political
behavior in the region.
Nakamura, Ken. Sea Piracy and Japan's Security. Governing the South China Sea. (Winter Term 2006,) Middlebury College.
- Describes acts of piracy committed against Japanese ships, considers the economic implications of such acts, and suggests solutions. Keywords: Japan, Ocean Peacekeeping Force, Ship Loc
Nolt,
James. The China-Taiwan Military Balance. January 2000.
Published in Winston L. Yang and Deborah A. Brown, eds, Across
the Taiwan Strait: Exchanges, Conflicts and Negotiations (Center
for Asian Studies, St. John's University, New York, 1999), pp.
181-219.
- While China is acquiring greater military capability in absolute
terms, it is actually becoming weaker militarily relative to Taiwan
and all of its other potential rivals except Russia.
Ng,
Peter K. L. and K. S. Tan. The state of marine biodiversity in
the South China Sea. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement
No. 8 (The Biodiversity of the South China Sea): 2000, 3-7.
- Discusses the obstacles facing biologists in the South China
Sea trying to gauge biodiversity and provides link to checklists
designed to help prevent misidentification of species. Keywords:
marine organisms, Technical Working Group on Scientific Research
Nordhaug,
Kristen. Taiwan and the South China Sea Conflict: the «China
connection» revisited. University of Oslo.
In this paper I investigate the claims and policies of one less
well-known party in the Spratly conflict, the Republic of China
on Taiwan (ROC). My discussion focuses on how Taipei relates to
the conflict between the PRC and Southeast Asian claimants.
Nossum,Johan
Henrik. Baselines in the South China Sea. University
of Oslo.
This paper is an introduction to the methodology of utilizing
straight baselines, and it will present two areas where the development
of the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) leads to uncertainties when
applying the straight baseline regime. The paper will also look
into the possibility to reduce the disputed area in the region
by an appropriate appliance of the straight baseline regime, and
if such an appliance could support UNCLOS’ role as a tool for
conflict resolution
TOP
Odgaard,
Liselotte. The South China Sea: ASEAN's Security Concerns About
China. Security Dialogue, Vol 34, 11-24, 2003.
- This article investigates whether the South China Sea is a source
of internal disagreement or unity in ASEAN.
Odgaard, Liselotte. Conflict Control and Crisis Management between China and Southeast Asia: an Analysis of the Workshops on Managing Potential Conflicts in the South China Sea. Aarhus University.
- “It is the central contention of this paper that the workshops,
within a setting of traditional military power balancing, have
initiated a practice of coordination, consultation and limited
cooperation between the entities which creates a basis for agreement
on the limits of acceptable behavior in the South China Sea.”
Keywords: Spratly, Workshops, UNCLOS, Mischief Reef.
Ong, Graham Gerard. Pre-empting Maritime Terrorism in Southeast Asia. Institute of South East Asian Studies, 29 November 2002.
- There is increasing evidence that al-Qaeda’s terrorist network has taken sail through their attacks on ships worldwide. Keyword: Cole, Bali, Diplomatic Conference on Maritime Security
Orbach,
Michael K. Beyond the Freedom of the Seas. National
Academy of Sciences Auditorium, Ocean Policy for the Third Millennium
(Fourth Annual Roger Revelle Commemorative Lecture).13 November
2002.
-Most terrestrial space and resources were in the past “open
access, common pool,” owned by no one and used by all .
As densities of use increased, governance institutions developed
to create order in that use, and to channel its costs and benefits.
Such incursions to the “open access, common pool”
notion are now occurring in the ocean, and in the atmosphere,
creating significant changes.
O'Rourke,
Ronald. CRS Report for Congress: China Naval Modernization: Implications
for US Navy Capabilities. Congressional Research Service; Feb. 4, 2008.
-
Report addressing the question of how China's military
modernization should be factored into decisions about US navy
programs.
Ország-Land, Thomas . UN launches global initiative to defend Malacca straits. Jane's Information Group, January 2005.
- “Military aggression and exploration endeavors conducted by China since 1992, however, have brought into question the validity of the 1992 joint declaration and raises the question of what long-term, peaceful solution could prevent the region from erupting into a continuum of military incidents over sovereignty rights to the natural resource-rich Spratly Islands.”
TOP
Pacific
region countries and marine-related multilateral environment agreements.
IGO, July 2004.
Paracel
Islands, CIA Factbook.
- The Paracel Islands are surrounded by productive fishing grounds
and by potential oil and gas reserves. In 1932, French Indochina
annexed the islands and set up a weather station on Pattle Island;
maintenance was continued by its successor, Vietnam. China has
occupied the Paracel Islands since 1974, when its troops seized
a South Vietnamese garrison occupying the western islands. The
islands are claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam.
Peril
on the Sea. The Economist, 2 Oct 2003.
-Are terrorists now aiming to block shipping lanes and disrupt
the flow of oil and other goods ?
Piracy
and Armed Robbery at Sea. IMO Library Services, Information
Sheet No. 28, 8 November 2004.
-Facts on piracy and armed robbery at sea. Includes list of incident
reports, Maritime committees, conference papers, publications,
and additional resources.
Piracy
and Maritime Terror in Southeast Asia:Dire Straits.
www.iiss.org/stratcom, July 2004.
"...US proposals for a Regional Maritime Security Initiative
(RMSI) have provoked controversy amongst South East Asian Government..."
Poon, Derek. Naval Modernization and Power Projection in the South China Sea. Governing the South China Sea. Middlebury College, Winter Term 2006.
- “This website aims to provide an overview on naval and air modernization in the countries bordering the South China Sea.” Keywords: aircraft, defense, military expenditures
Puchala, Donald. Of Pirates and Terrorists: What Experience and History Teach. Contemporary Security Policy, Vol.26, No.1 (April 2005), pp.1–24.
- “Though never eliminated, and ever recurrent, piracy has been
periodically suppressed. In light of the present-day challenges
of international terrorism, therefore, the history of piracy might
be usefully examined for possible lessons about dealing with transitional
menacers.” Keywords: privateers, globalization, asymmetrical warfare
TOP
Raffael,
Paul. The Pirate Hunters. Smithsonia.com; July 25, 2007.
- Describes the recent climb in pirate attacks around the globe
and the role of the IMB in reporting and preventing such attacks.
Raman,
B. (Institute For Topical Studies, Chennai). Chinese Territorial
Assertions: The Case of the Mischief Reef. Security & Political
Risk Analysis (SAPRA) India think tank. January 14, 1999.
- "China has ongoing disputes with Vietnam, the Philippines,
Malaysia and Brunei regarding conflicting claims of sovereignty
over different islands in the Spratly group in the South China
Sea, but its assertion of its claim over the Mischief Reef at
the expense of the Philippines is an educative case study of how
China doggedly pursues its irredentist territorial claims - by
stealth, if possible, and by other means, including force, if
necessary."
RECAAP
Information Sharing Center, Annual Report, 2007.
-
Subtitled "Adding Value, Charting Trends." ReCAAP (Regional
Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery Against
Ships in Asia) is a government-to-goverment agreement to prevent
armed robbery against ships in Asia. The ISC serves as a platform
for research and information sharing.
Reefs
at Risk: A Map-Based Indicator of Threats to the World's Coral
Reefs. World Resources Institute, 1998.
- Published online and in print with the International Center
for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM), the World Conservation
Monitoring Center (WCMC), and the United Nations Environment Program
(UNEP), this is the first global assessment of coral reefs to
map areas at risk from overfishing, coastal development, and other
human activity.
Ren
Xiaofeng, A Chinese Perspective. Marine Policy Volume
29, Issue 2 , March 2005, Pages 139-146.
Regarding the regime of military and intelligence gathering activities
in the EEZ, China argues that the freedoms of navigation and overflight
in the EEZ have certain restrictions including that the activity
must be peaceful and not threaten to use force against the coastal
State. This includes military surveys, military maneuvers, and
military reconnaissance which are a form of battlefield preparation.
These activities are also subject to due regard for the rights
of the coastal State. China also argues that there are serious
shortcomings regarding the regime of marine scientific research
(MSR) in the EEZ and that marine surveys or military surveys carried
out by MSR platforms require the consent of the coastal State.
Rethinaraj,
T. S. Gopi. China's Energy and Regional Security Perspectives.
Defense & Security Analysis Vol. 19, No. 4, 377-388, December
2003.
Chinese economic growth carry significant implications for energy
security in the Asia–Pacific region, despite reported improvements
in the country’s overall energy efficiency. China has one of the
largest recoverable coal reserves in the world;3 however, its
domestic oil and gas production are not sufficient to meet current
and the projected future demand
Richardson,
Michael. A Time Bomb for Global Trade: Maritime-related Terrorism
in an Age of Weapons of Mass Destruction.
The world has not experienced a major terrorist attack using ships
or containers – at least not yet. But it is clear that terrorists
can see the potential of using the maritime trading system to
conceal weapons or agents for attack purposes or to provide funding
or support for their operations
Richardson,
Michael. China’s rise shifts balance of power in Asia. THE
STRAITS TIMES, Tuesday 7 September 2004.
As China's growing power and influence permeate Asia and the Pacific,
countries in the region are recalibrating their relations with
Beijing to acknowledge its status and defuse potential conflict.
These adjustments signal to both the United States and its ally
Japan that the old strategic and economic balance in which they
were the dominant players is shifting to include China as an increasingly
important pole.
Roach,
Ashley. Enhancing Maritime Security in the Straits of Malacca
and Singapore. Journal of International Affairs; Vol. 59,1, Fall 2005 pg.97.
-
Article examines the various threats posed to shipping and the
marine environment in the Straits of Malacca while reviewing the
steps needed to give law enforcement officials the means to combat
piracy in the area.
Rosenberg, David. A
Review Essay on ASEAN-China Relations: Realities and Prospects.
The global implications of China's rise are nowhere more evident
than in its relations with ASEAN. ASEAN-China relations must contend
with three formidable challenges: how to cope with a rising China
when it becomes a superpower in its own right; in an East Asian
region with - for the first time - both a strong China and a strong
Japan; and with a United States which aims to maintain its sole
superpower status. The major security issues facing ASEAN-China
relations are nontraditional ones such as the internal impacts
of globalization due to the financial crisis of 1997, the destabilizing
world market pressures on domestic society, and the increasing
economic competition among member-states that test the evolving
bonds of a growing ASEAN. China's foreign policy reorientation
and post-Cold War global market forces have opened an extraordinary
window of opportunity for strengthening ASEAN-China relations.
Rosenberg, David. Biodiversity, Geology, and the Wallace Line
in Southeast Asia. South China Sea WWW VL. Winter-Spring
2000.
Southeast Asia is an area of extraordinarily high biodiversity.
This high diversity in land and sea is a result of three major
factors: the overlap of independently evolved species ranges,
high rates of local speculation, and differentially high survival
among temporally and spatially heterogeneous habitats (McManus
1985).
Rosenberg,
David. Coral Reef Pollution in the South China Sea. South
China Sea WWW VL. Winter-Spring 2000.
Over 30% of the world's coral reefs are found in Southeast Asia,
especially around the archipelagos of Indonesia and the Philippines
(see map: "Coral Reefs of Southeast Asia"). These coral reefs
provide a habitat for the highest biological diversity in the
world (Wilkinson et al. 1993). Most shallow marine biota reach
their peak diversity in these areas. These reefs are under threat
from anthropogenic pressures as a result of population growth,
urbanization, and economic growth in the area. Reefs are being
degraded and damaged by land and sea based human activities, including
organic and inorganic pollution, sedimentation, and overfishing.
Rosenberg,
David, Christopher Chung. Maritime Security in the South China
Sea: Coordinating Coastal and User State Priorities.
Maritime security concerns in the South China Sea are increasing
for several reasons: higher volumes of shipping traffic, protection
of Exclusive Economic Zone resources, piracy, terrorist threats,
greater international scrutiny of ports and shipping, and the
modernization of regional naval and coast guard forces. Coastal
states and international user states have many overlapping interests
in the South China Sea; for example, in promoting safe navigation
through its busy sea lanes. On other issues, in particular, anti-piracy
or anti-maritime terrorism measures, they have different views
about the seriousness of the threat and the responses necessary
to address it.
Rosenberg,
David, "Environmental Pollution around the South China Sea: Developing
a Regional Response to a Regional Problem," Resource Management
in Asia-Pacific Working Paper No. 20, Division of Pacific and
Asian History, Research School for Pacific and Asian Studies,
The Australian National University, 1999.
- “This paper provides one case study of how the member-nations
of ASEAN – the Association of Southeast Asian Nations – are attempting
to deal with a major cause of transboundary air pollution, smoke
haze from forest fires.” Keywords: greenhouse gas, energy, Indonesia
Rosenberg,
David. Dire Straits: Maritime Security in the South China Sea
From the Taiwan Strait to the Strait of Malacca, security concerns
are growing around the South China Sea. While the Bush Administration
sees a resurgent Chinese military threat across the Taiwan Strait
and a terrorist threat in the Strait of Malacca, many countries
between the Straits are more concerned about security for their
maritime resources from the threats of competitors, traffickers,
poachers, and pirates. How can these competing security priorities
be resolved?
Rosenberg,
David. Managing the Resources of the China Seas: China's Bilateral
Fisheries Agreements with Japan, South Korea, and Vietnam
The press is filled with reports on the multiple conflicts erupting
in the China seas: territorial conflicts, resource conflicts,
and historical conflicts. There is one area, however, where remarkable
progress is being made in cooperative resource management. China
has been making slow but steady progress in negotiating a network
of bilateral agreements with Japan, South Korea, and Vietnam to
manage their common fishery resources.
Rosenberg,
David, Why a South China Sea Website? An Introductory Essay,
South China Sea WWW Virtual Library. December, 1999.
This website
provides information and research resources for students, scholars,
journalists, and policy-makers interested in what people and governments
around the South China Sea are doing about their regional economic,
environment, and security problems.
Rowan,
Joshua P. The U.S.-Japan Security Alliance,Asean, and The South
China Sea Dispute, Asian Survey, Vol. XLV, no. 3,
May/June 2005.
-The situation in the South China Sea—where sovereignty
and oil and natural gas interests are converging—creates
a flashpoint with significant policy implications for the US,
Japan, and other Asian nations. Only the U.S.-Japan security alliance,
operating in conjunction with the Association of Southeast
Asian Nations, can safely foster a long-term solution.
Roy,
Dennis. Tension in the Taiwan Strait. Dept. of National
Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey. March 2000.
- Roy discusses the PRC's motivations for threatening
Taiwan, the potential impact of economic interchange across the
Strait on Taiwan's security, the possible forms a PRC-Taiwan conflict
might take, the role the USA plays in Taiwan's security, and approaches
to alleviating the PRC threat to Taiwan.
TOP
San
Pablo-Baviera, Aileen. The China factor in US alliances in East
Asia and the Asia Pacific. Australian Journal of International
Affairs; Vol. 57, No. 2, July 2003, 339-352.
- Seeks to provide an “understanding of the role that China plays
in regional security in general, and the influence of such a role
on the alliance system in particular.” Keywords: September 11,
US-China relations, ASEAN
Saw
Swee-Hock, and Sheng Lijun, Eds. ASEAN-China Relations: Realities
and Prospects. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies;
2005.
- ISEAS conference report on China’s rapid rise and its impact on ASEAN.
Schippke,
Wolfgang -The
Spratly Islands
-Wolfgang
Schippke has conducted research on various largely-undocumented
small islands around the world, many of those are in the South
China Sea. His study shows great attention to the precise geographical
location and history of each Island, as well as the Island's current
human activities.
The website is in English and German. Date: February 22, 1998.
SEA-SPAN-L
- a free moderated electronic news list about environmental
change and policy in Southeast Asia. The acronym stands for: Southeast
Asian Science-Policy Network. Subscribe at http://www.sea-user.org/news-subscribe.php
Security
and Maritime Conflict in East Asia - Publications
- Articles and dissertations on the South China Sea published
by the University of Oslo and the International Peace Research
Institute of Oslo.
Segal,
Gerald. The Myth of Chinese Power: It's time to see China for
what it is. Newsweek International, Sep. 20, 1999.
- On the eve of its 50th anniversary, Segal contends
the PRC is neither as militarily powerful, nor as economically
important as believed. China has a long way to go before it can
challenge the West, or its neighbors in any substantial way.
Sengupta, Somini and Howard W. French. India and China Are Poised to Share Defining Moment. The New York Times, 10 April 2005.
- “Wen Jiabao, prime minister of China, began a four-day visit to India on Saturday just as the two countries - a third of humanity - are coming into their own at the same moment, with the potential for a dynamic shift in the world's politics and economy.” Keywords: India-China trade, border disputes, resources.
Sharma, O. P. An Indian perspective. Marine Policy Volume 29, Issue 2 , March 2005, Pages 147-151.
- “The 1982 UNCLOS does not curb military activities in foreign EEZs. By specifically prohibiting certain activities in the territorial sea, it follows that such activities are permissible outside of it… However, due to new threats and technological advances, the authority, capability and jurisdiction of coastal States is being enhanced. Thus guidelines are needed to avoid certain contradictions.” Keywords: EEZ regime; An Indian perspective
Shie, Tamara Renee. Ports in a Storm? The Nexus Between Counterterrorism, Counterproliferation, and Maritime Security in Southeast Asia. Issues & Insights, Vol. 4, No. 4, July 2004.
- “This paper recommends greater regional cooperation; an increase in cost burdensharing, technological collaboration, and capacity building; the creation of a truly regional maritime security initiative; and the adherence to and new proposals for UN maritime security conventions.” Keywords: Container Security Initiative, Proliferation Security Initiative, International Shipping and Port Facility Security Code.
Singapore
Politics: Terrorism Fears Center on Maritime Piracy. Economist
Intelligence Unit; June 9, 2004.
- Article on the need for multilateral cooperation to deal with
issues of piracy in the Singapore-Indonesia area.
Skaridov,
Alexander S. Naval activity in the foreign EEZ—the role of terminology
in law regime. Marine Policy Volume 29, Issue 2 , March 2005,
Pages 153-155.
- “Definitions of terminology is the key to the application of
the Law of the Sea. Definitions of a term can be determined from
its generic characteristics and specific differences.” Keywords:
Russia.
Smith, Gary J., Multilateralism and Regional Security in Asia: The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) and APEC's Geopolitical Value, The Weatherhead Center for International Affairs Harvard University, 1997.,
- “Major powers traditionally do not wish to be tied down by middle and small sized powers, but institutions are emerging in Asia, such as the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) and the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) group, in which multiple small and middle sized powers play leading roles.” Keywords: agreements, diplomacy, China.
Snyder, Craig, The Implications of Hydrocarbon Development in the South China Sea, International Journal, LII, Winter 1996-97:
- “This paper will explore how the possibility of economic windfalls due to resource exploitation add to the the difficulty in reaching any agreement among the rival claimants.” Keywords: EEZ, Spratly Islands, oil.
Snyder, Scott, The South China Sea Dispute: Prospects for Preventive Diplomacy, United State Institute of Peace, 1996,
- Outlines the various territorial claims involved in the disputes over the South China Seas and evaluates the prospects for success of several of the proposed resolution mechanisms. Keywords: Spratly Islands, Joint Resource Development, ASEAN, EEZ
Song,
Yann-Huei. Declarations and Statements with Respect to the 1982
UNCLOS: Potential Legal Disputes between the United States and
China after US Accession to the Convention. Ocean Development & International Law; Nov. 5, 2007.
-
"Discusses the implications of US accession to the 1982 United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea for the future development
of Sino-American relations in the areas of ocean law and politics."
Song,
Yann-Huei. The Overall Situation in the South china Sea in the
New Millenium: Before and After the September 11 Terrorist Attacks.
Ocean Development & International Law, 2003.
- “This contribution reviews the overall situation in the South
China Sea (SCS) between 2000 and June 2002.” Keywords: Maritime
Security
South
China Sea Region,
- US
Department of Energy,
Energy Information Agency, Country Analysis Brief.
Spratly
Islands, CIA Factbook.
- The Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or
reefs. They are surrounded by rich fishing grounds and potentially
by gas and oil deposits. They are claimed in their entirety by
China, Taiwan, and Vietnam, while portions are claimed by Malaysia
and the Philippines. About 45 islands are occupied by relatively
small numbers of military forces from China, Malaysia, the Philippines,
Taiwan, and Vietnam. Brunei has established a fishing zone that
overlaps a southern reef, but has not made any formal claim.
The
Spratly Islands Dispute,
- American University, Inventory of Conflict and Environment (ICE)
1997
Spratly
(or Spratley) Islands - Google
News Search
Spratly
Islands, Globalsecurity.org
- Overview, maps, and statistics of the Spratly Islands.
Stankiewicz,
Michael, ed., Maritime Shipping in Northeast Asia: Law of the
Sea, Sea Lanes, and Security,
- Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, 1998.
